A great deal of what you write is intended to convince the reader that you have an important point to make. When you write a letter applying for a job you want to convince the reader that you are the right person for the job. When you write a review of a film you want to convince the reader that you have something important to say about the film, and maybe you recommend it, or, on the other hand, suggest that it is not worth seeing. In an essay on some aspect of American government you want to convince the reader that you can answer the questions that have been posed and that you can throw light on specific aspects of American government. In all these three examples you want to show your reader that you have something sensible and important to say about the topic that is under discussion.You do this by arguing your case. You offer “a line of argument” keeping it within the framework of the chosen topic. For example, your letter of application for a job has a presentation of yourself and your qualifications as its framework. “You” are the topic! It might therefore be relevant to mention your hobbies in your letter. If you are applying for a job in a bookshop it would be sensible to point out that reading is one of your hobbies, if it is. You include this in the line of argument running through the letter, perhaps giving this information after you have listed your education and other formal qualifications. You do not, however, spend a paragraph writing about your brother’s or sister’s hobbies. That would be irrelevant. Information about them falls outside the framework you have constructed.

Similarly, if the topic is American government and the question is “Does the President have too much power?” you do not write about American geography or American sports. You write about the mechanics of political power in the USA, showing step by step whether, in your view, the President does or does not have too much power.

You must, then, avoid irrelevance. Keep a sharp focus on your topic.

The regulation to prohibit mobile phones in secondary schools is a topic of considerable debate. On one hand, mobile phones can be a significant distraction, potentially disrupting the learning environment and facilitating cheating. They can also contribute to social issues, such as cyberbullying. On the other hand, mobile phones are powerful tools for learning and communication, providing students with access to educational resources and a means to contact family in emergencies. Ultimately, the effectiveness of such a regulation depends on its implementation and the school’s ability to provide alternative resources. A balanced approach, where mobile phone use is regulated rather than completely banned, might serve to mitigate the drawbacks while still harnessing the benefits of technology in education.

Hal Varian, chief economist at Google, has a simple way to predict the future. The future is simply what rich people have today. The rich have chauffeurs. In the future, we will have driverless cars that chauffeur us all around. The rich have private bankers. In the future, we will all have robo-bankers.

One thing that we imagine that the rich have today are lives of leisure. So will our future be one in which we too have lives of leisure, and the machines are taking the sweat? We will be able to spend our time on more important things than simply feeding and housing ourselves?

Let’s turn to another chief economist. Andy Haldane is chief economist at the Bank of England. In November 2015, he predicted that 15 million jobs in the UK, roughly half of all jobs, were under threat from automation. You’d hope he knew what he was talking about.

And he’s not the only one making dire predictions. Politicians. Bankers. Industrialists. They’re all saying a similar thing.

“We need urgently to face the challenge of automation, robotics that could make so much of contemporary work redundant”, Jeremy Corbyn at the Labour Party Conference in September 2017.

“World Bank data has predicted that the proportion of jobs threatened by automation in India is 69 percent, 77 percent in China and as high as 85 percent in Ethiopia”, according to World Bank president Jim Yong Kim in 2016.

It really does sound like we might be facing the end of work as we know it.

Many of these fears can be traced back to a 2013 study from the University of Oxford. This made a much quoted prediction that 47% of jobs in the US were under threat of automation in the next two decades. Other more recent and detailed studies have made similar dramatic predictions.

Now, there’s a lot to criticize in the Oxford study. From a technical perspective, some of report’s predictions are clearly wrong. The report gives a 94% probability that bicycle repair person will be automated in the next two decades. And, as someone trying to build that future, I can reassure any bicycle repair person that there is zero chance that we will automate even small parts of your job anytime soon. The truth of the matter is no one has any real idea of the number of jobs at risk.

Even if we have as many as 47% of jobs automated, this won’t translate into 47% unemployment. One reason is that we might just work a shorter week. That was the case in the Industrial Revolution. Before the Industrial Revolution, many worked 60 hours per week. After the Industrial Revolution, work reduced to around 40 hours per week. The same could happen with the unfolding AI Revolution.

Another reason that 47% automation won’t translate into 47% unemployment is that all technologies create new jobs as well as destroy them. That’s been the case in the past, and we have no reason to suppose that it won’t be the case in the future. There is, however, no fundamental law of economics that requires the same number of jobs to be created as destroyed. In the past, more jobs were created than destroyed but it doesn’t have to be so in the future.

In the Industrial Revolution, machines took over many of the physical tasks we used to do. But we humans were still left with all the cognitive tasks. This time, as machines start to take on many of the cognitive tasks too, there’s the worrying question: what is left for us humans?

Some of my colleagues suggest there will be plenty of new jobs like robot repair person. I am entirely unconvinced by such claims. The thousands of people who used to paint and weld in most of our car factories got replaced by only a couple of robot repair people.

No, the new jobs will have to be doing jobs where either humans excel or where we choose not to have machines. But here’s the contradiction. In fifty to hundred years time, machines will be super-human. So it’s hard to imagine of any job where humans will remain better than the machines. This means the only jobs left will be those where we prefer humans to do them.

The AI Revolution then will be about rediscovering the things that make us human. Technically, machines will have become amazing artists. They will be able to write music to rival Bach, and paintings to match Picasso. But we’ll still prefer works produced by human artists.

These works will speak to the human experience. We will appreciate a human artist who speaks about love because we have this in common. No machine will truly experience love like we do.

As well as the artistic, there will be a re-appreciation of the artisan. Indeed, we see the beginnings of this already in hipster culture. We will appreciate more and more those things made by the human hand. Mass-produced goods made by machine will become cheap. But items made by hand will be rare and increasingly valuable.

Finally as social animals, we will also increasingly appreciate and value social interactions with other humans. So the most important human traits will be our social and emotional intelligence, as well as our artistic and artisan skills. The irony is that our technological future will not be about technology but all about our humanity.

Toby Walsh is Professor of Artificial Intelligence at the University of New South Wales, in Sydney, Australia. His new book, “Android Dreams: the past, present and future of Artificial Intelligence” was published in the UK by Hurst Publishers in September 2017. It’s available from the Guardian Bookshop. You can read more at his blog, http://thefutureofai.blogspot.com/

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The Guardian is editorially independent, meaning we set our own agenda. Our journalism is free from commercial bias and not influenced by billionaire owners, politicians or shareholders. No one edits our editor. No one steers our opinion. This is important as it enables us to give a voice to those less heard, challenge the powerful and hold them to account. It’s what makes us different to so many others in the media, at a time when factual, honest reporting is critical.

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Nowaday, the life is modern. Smart phones and computers are very popular and they appear all around us. Using smart phones is a necessary part of many students' life and students should use smartphone in their studying Students can learn in the Internet, search information for their lessons,... Using smart phones can solve many problems quickly and easily. But, there is a problem.Some students mostly use smart phones to relax and spend less time studying. They concentrate on the smart phones instead of keeping their eye on learning.

If students were allowed to use smart phones, learning would be easier . Unless they were banned to use smart phones, they could be focus on learning. Anyway, I think smart phones shouldn't be banned. Although it makes students can't be focus on the lessons, It helps them a lots in relaxing at break time and studying. We've also got some suitable rules such as: not using phones while you are studying, just use them at break time,...

Nowaday, the life is modern. Smart phones and computers are very popular and they appear all around us. Using smart phones is a necessary part of many students' life and students should use smartphone in their studying Students can learn in the Internet, search information for their lessons,... Using smart phones can solve many problems quickly and easily. But, there is a problem.Some students mostly use smart phones to relax and spend less time studying. They concentrate on the smart phones instead of keeping their eye on learning.

If students were allowed to use smart phones, learning would be easier . Unless they were banned to use smart phones, they could be focus on learning. Anyway, I think smart phones shouldn't be banned. Although it makes students can't be focus on the lessons, It helps them a lots in relaxing at break time and studying. We've also got some suitable rules such as: not using phones while you are studying, just use them at break time,...

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1.To: msha@gmail.com

Subject: Group homework submission - Group 1 - Class 8A

Attachment: Homework_Group1. docx

Dear Mrs.Ha,

My name is ......, the leader of group 1, class 8A. I would like to submit our group homework on the topic global warming.

Attached is the file of our homework. All information of our group's members like names and student codes is included in the file.

Please let us know if you have any more requirements.

Yours sincerely,

     Minh

2.I agree with idea advanced technology will help students greatly in studying by themselves at home. Firstly, studying at home will help us save so much money. We don’t have to buy so many books and school supplies. It will help us save time and energy too because we don’t have to spend much time on travelling to school. Secondly, you can see there is a lot of traffic on the way especially in rush hours. There are always accidents on the road. Studying at home will help us avoid dangers on the way to school and make traffic less heavy. In addition, we can search for information easily and quickly with a tablet. It’s very convenient. It helps us to save time and we can finish our projects quicker and make them more informative. In conclusion, I think advanced technology really helps us in studying and it brings us more joy in learning new knowledge.

3.I disagree with this statement.Modern technology is mostly seen as blessing for learners.It made learning easier .The internet can provide you with ìnformation in any field,you can easily find that online .Students who are using technology now will find it easy to complete in the future.But the availability of all types of information online ,many students are  becoming lazy.Some students even do not attend classes,they think that teachers are no longer nesessary